Áreas de proteção ambiental mais de duas décadas após a criação do sistema nacional de unidades de conservação: desafios e perspectivas

Abstract

This work has the general objective of analyzing the main difficulties faced by Environmental Protection Areas (APAs) regarding the effectiveness of the purposes for which they were established. Such conservation units, in consideration of relevant natural characteristics, are directed to the protection of biological diversity, discipline the occupation process and ensure the sustainable use of natural resources. The examination includes data from the national territory, from 2017 to 2021. In order to face the research problem, initially, the work examines two fundamental rights covered by the APAs, namely, the ecologically balanced environment and property, linked to the social function, considering that APAs can be instituted both in public areas and in private lands. The methodological path adopts a bibliographical review and quantitative data collection, through the analysis of the National Register of Conservation Units of the Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change (CNUC - MMA), as well as through the analysis of the report of the Analysis and Monitoring System (SAMGe), 2021 cycle, this tool for analyzing the effectiveness of the management of conservation units at the Chico Mendes Institute for Conservation and Biodiversity (ICMBio). This is the most recent official survey, and no significant scientific production was found on the subject. The survey is also compared with the main criticisms of the effectiveness of the APAs, arising from the doctrine, in order to verify their coherence. As a result, the main obstacles to the effective management of APAs were identified as the use of land for agriculture, for possession in bad faith, for agriculture and livestock, the use of fauna for hunting and fishing, the use of abiotic resources for extraction mining, an activity that is extremely harmful to the environment, and the use of public utility and social interest by open dumps and irregular sewage. It is concluded that the obstacles mentioned, based on data analysis, showed an increase in the application of VR in an intervention state in uses that reflect a negative impact on APAs.