Construção e avaliação de uma sequência de ensino de cinemática introdutória com apoio de um sistema de aquisição automática de dados baseada em princípios da engenharia didática

Abstract

This study concerns the problem of science teaching relating to the representation by the learner of scientific knowledge, specifically the declaration and graphic forms of representation of school physical knowledge. The object of this study is the evolution in the construction of concepts, models and graphics of scalar kinematics by the student of elementary school, in particular the concepts of velocity and acceleration and their graphic forms, from teaching situations designed to providing active student participation in their interaction with an automatic data acquisition system built based on an ultrasonic motion sensor, an Arduino platform and Excel software. With the aim to study some aspects of the learning of kinematics in two dimensions, cognitive and encouragement, by elementary school students in science curriculum component in their interaction with such didactic situations in the real environment of the classroom, this work uses the Didactic Engineering research methodology of Michéle Artigue that is based on the Theory of Didactical Situations of Guy Brousseau. The didactic situations are articulated sequentially in the form of a teaching sequence, with educational objects organized in the context of learning by superordination as proposed by the Theory of Assimilation of David Ausubel, and with a design of learning objectives by cognitive levels according with revised Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. The experimentation phase of the Didactic Engineering was carried out with a class of students from the ninth grade of elementary school at a public school of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, from March to April 2015. For data collection, the work uses a multiple choice knowledge test and a pattern test of motivation to learn, which were both administrated before and after the experimentation, as well as activity guides that were administered to participants during the experimentation, observations of teacher researcher, and an open questionnaire administered to participants after the experimentation. The reliability of the knowledge test is evaluated with the statistical of Kuder-Richardon Formula 20 (KR-20), and the effectiveness of test items is evaluated by calculating the indexes of item difficulty and item discrimination. To compose the internal validation process of experience, statistical hypothesis testing are performed with Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test for comparing obtained measures of performance and motivation to learn of the sample of students participants, before and after experimentation phase. Statistical results indicate a significant improvement in the performance of participants who have experienced the didactic situations (p = 0.0001), with no statistically significant increase in motivation to learn these participants (p = 0.3452). The learning processes of the participants are an important part of the internal validation of the experience and they are analyzed using a set of criteria based in learning objectives as well in the typology of the didactic situations, both designed in the à priori analysis to the experimentation, by confronting the content of the answers to questions of the guides of activities with the learning expectations of the teaching situations. The results of this analysis provide evidence that learning objectives have achieved. The opinion of the participants reveals that proposed activities have innovative character. As one of the research products generated by this study, the teaching sequence which showed being valid for the conditions of this research could be adapted to meet the needs of the educational designing of the teacher.