Resolução de problemas e experimentação no ensino de ciências: uma proposta metodológica para a educação básica

Abstract

The present study brings a proposal that was developed with a class of ninth year of elementary school from a municipal school of education, located in the urban area of Caçapava do Sul, RS. In its execution, the Problem Solving and Experimentation methodology was used, starting from an initial problem "How can learning be favored through the articulation of Problem Solving and experimentation methodologies?" As a general objective, it is expected to identify which strategies the students of a 9th grade class of elementary school develop when solving problem situations linked to experimental activities, on the content of mixtures and mixture separation, thus seeking to improve the processes of teaching and learning and better understanding of the contents involved. It is also intended to develop cognitive skills such as building strategies in Problem Solving that are presented in improving the understanding of scientific concepts. To achieve the proposed objectives, Problem Solving strategies combined with Experimentation were used in order to encourage research, reading, investigation, collective construction of knowledge and explanation of the results obtained. The work was developed in stages, first a theoretical survey was carried out with authors who deal with the methodological proposals referred to in the body of the work. In a second moment, the content of mixtures and separation methods was presented, which was related to the daily lives of students so that a survey was carried out prior to the application of the problems and, in a third moment, the Problem Solving proposal was implemented. which involves the theme worked and the content of Nature Sciences of the ninth year and that leads the student to research possible strategies, which can be demonstrated in a theoretical and experimental way, in an attempt to solve them, allowing the construction of scientific knowledge. Two questionnaires were carried out, the Initial to verify prior knowledge, and the Final, to analyze the work with Problem Solving and Experimentation. For this work, quanti-qualitative research was used, which is built through the analysis of empirical data to be further improved with the reading of other authors. The study in question was developed in the light of the Learning Theory of Jerome Bruner and the theoretical basis brings as authors, from the area of Science Teaching, Echeverria, Pozo, Gil-Pérez, Onuchic, among others who defend the Problem Solving methodology as an effective methodological strategy to the learning process. As a methodological tool for analyzing the results, Bardin's Content Analysis was used. As final production, blocks of problems produced during the Master's program are available in an e-book, involving the methodology of Problem Solving and Experimentation so that other teachers can make use of these methodological teaching strategies, with this it is expected that other professionals of education can make use of this material. As a result, students agree that they have the impression of having learned more and more relevantly through the proposed Problem Solving. In relation to the theoretical aspects learned, they agree to have a better learning experience using the presented methodology. Based on this proposal, students feel more curious in terms of deepening their knowledge and even understanding concepts that they had not understood before. Finally, teaching through problems that involve experimentation covers several aspects and develops important skills and competences for students, respecting their differences. As an Educational Product, an e-book was created as a methodological proposal, containing problems that can be used by elementary school teachers, in addition to containing suggestions for bibliography dealing with the subject, which could expand knowledge on the subject.