A política exterior brasileira para a Antártida: da demanda inicial ao status atual (1958 - 2021)

Abstract

The present research refers to the Brazilian Foreign Policy for Antarctica, from 1958 to 2021, from the government of Juscelino Kubitschek to the term of Jair Bolsonaro, based on an analysis of the relationship between the Paradigms of Foreign Policy in Brazil and the Antarctic continent. . From this, it is questioned how the Brazilian Foreign Policy has been directed to Antarctica, from 1958 to the present? Indeed, the following hypotheses are raised: a) Brazil's Foreign Policy Antarctica has been historically consolidated from the premise of proven presence and respect for the Treaty and protocols. Furthermore, b) such public policy has identified that as the most important routes the icy continent are for the country's commerce, which pass through the South Atlantic, even the international if a matter of national security. In this way, as objectives we sought to identify the Brazilian Foreign Policy for Antarctica in the light of the Paradigms of Brazilian Foreign Policy; to describe the antecedents and to make the Treaty of Antarctica in the International System; to analyze the foreign policy for Antarctica within the scope of the developmental paradigm, highlighting pioneering authors on the Antarctic theme in Brazil; analyze Antarctica within Brazilian Foreign Policy in the normal paradigm; and analyze Antarctica within the logistical paradigm in Brazil's Foreign Policy. Methodologically, the research follows the hypothetical-deductive method, presenting a qualitative and descriptive-explanatory approach. In the final considerations, the complexity of the Treaty is pointed out, as well as its uncertainty for the future. Regarding Brazil, it is concluded that there is no Foreign Policy for the history accumulated with historical continuity and ruptures, to a lesser or greater degree, of perspectives or as the use of natural resources, or as a means of prestige in international insertion, or as a defender environmental or even within a perspective of security and national defense, and these aspects often complement each other. Among all the paradigms there are two things in common: regionalism for Antarctica, which prioritizes Antarctic cooperation with South American countries; and the unstable investment, which jeopardizes the continuity of the country's actions for the continent, as well as hinders a good insertion of the country in the Antarctic Treaty System.