O hidrogênio como elemento estratégico para a transição energética justa na política externa brasileira (2003 - 2024)

Abstract

This study analyzes the role of hydrogen (H2) as a strategic element for a Just Energy Transition (JET) in Brazilian Foreign Policy between 2003 and 2024. Using a qualitative methodology and the hypothetical-deductive method, with the application of Foreign Policy Analysis, the research investigates Brazil’s domestic and international actions and strategies to promote H2, consolidating the country’s position as a leader in the Sustainable Development and JET agendas. The study is structured around five specific objectives that aim to: 1) define the concept of a Just Energy Transition; 2) describe Brazil’s environmental characteristics in relation to JET; 3) analyze Brazil’s historical engagement with energy issues; 4) understand the importance of hydrogen for JET; and 5) examine the strategies adopted by Brazil from 2003 to 2024 regarding H2 for JET. The analysis indicates that, as a clean energy vector, hydrogen represents both an alternative to fossil fuels, promoting decarbonization, and an element with a significant impact on International Relations. Furthermore, it is observed that Brazil is advancing in the development of a “Hydrogen Diplomacy,” positioning itself as an active player in multilateral forums and bilateral partnerships for the promotion of hydrogen. In a context of international leadership, the country holds pivotal roles such as the presidency of the G20 in 2024, under the theme "Building a Fair World and a Sustainable Planet," hosting COP 30 in Belém, and presiding over the BRICS in 2025, with the theme "Strengthening Global South Cooperation for More Inclusive and Sustainable Governance". Domestically, initiatives such as the National Energy Transition Policy, the Future Fuel Program, the Ecological Transformation Plan, and the National Low-Carbon Hydrogen Policy reinforce Brazil's narrative as a global leader and major supplier of low-carbon H2 by 2035. The study concludes that hydrogen strengthens Brazil's position in global energy and environmental issues, promoting its leadership in combating climate change and fostering a Just Energy Transition that enables the achievement of Sustainable Development.