Caracterização fitoquímica e efeitos antinociceptivos e anti-inflamatórios de Sida tuberculata R.E. Fries “GUANXUMA”

Abstract

The present study evaluated the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of extracts obtained from Sida tuberculata (ST), popularly known as "guanxuma", on acute and chronic models in mice. In addition, were performed a phytochemical characterization and antioxidant and cytotoxic analysis in vitro. According to the data, leaf and root extracts presented a significant antioxidant effect (p <0.05) from the 0.015 and 0.03 mg.mL-1 doses respectively, however the leaves extract had a more pronounced action compared to the leaves root extract (<IC50) being selected for in vivo tests. Through the chemical analyzes, an analytical method was developed by UHPLC to determine the phytochemical marker, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE), and eight compounds were identified, being 20HE the major compounds together with a Kaempferol derivative. In cytotoxicity tests, S. tuberculata leaf extract (STLE) and S. tuberculata root extract (STRE) demonstrated antiproliferative action against HepG2 and MCF-7 tumor cell lines (IC50 between 543.6 - 593.4 μg.mL-1 for STLE, and 397.1 - 493.9 mg.mL-1 for STRE). Besides, STLE decreased human leukocytes viability from dose of 10 μg.mL-1. In vivo assays demonstrated that STLE (10-300 mg.kg-1) given orally (p.o.) 1 h before the test, significantly inhibited the neurogenic and inflammatory phases in the formalin model (31.3 and 40.1% respectively). Likewise, STLE significantly decreased the contortions induced by acetic acid, reaching 71.8% inhibition at the dose of 100 mg.kg-1. The experiments showed, at least in part, the STLE mechanism of action involves the opioid and adenosinergic systems since its effect was reversed by Naloxone (non-selective opioid receptor inhibitor) and DPCPX (selective A1 adenosine receptor inhibitor) in acetic acid model. The evaluation by computational docking demonstrated that Kaempferol and 20HE compounds might interact primarily with the μ opioid receptor. Pretreatment with STLE (100 mg.kg-1) also reduced total cell migration, neutrophil number, MPO activity, and levels of IL-1β, IL-6 e TNF-α cytokines in the peritoneal fluid of animals submitted to carrageenan-induced peritonitis. In the same model, there was a reduction of TBARS levels and an increase in NPSH levels. In addition, treatment with STLE at 100 mg.kg-1 once daily also presented antinociceptive effect in chronic inflammatory pain model induced by CFA (i.pl.), and paw edema decreased after the fifth day of treatment. The doses administered daily (100 mg.kg-1 for 15 days) did not present macroscopic alteration and did not change the absolute weight and organs relative weight (heart, lung, liver, spleen and kidneys). Therefore, the data presented suggest that ST has a significant antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity against acute and chronic models in mice, with a mechanism of action involving, partially, its antioxidant action and the interaction on the opioid and adenosinergic system, as well as reducing action of pro-inflammatory mediators. Thus, the ST species presents a potential therapeutic action that corroborates with its popular use. However, more studies are needed in order to elucidate more precisely its mechanism of action and whether it is attributed to one or more compounds in the extract.